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# License
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This is the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL).
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### GNU Free Documentation License
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Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
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Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <[https://fsf.org/](https://fsf.org/)>
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Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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#### 0. PREAMBLE
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The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense
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of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it,
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either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
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credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
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This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the
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same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
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We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free
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documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this
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License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether
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it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or
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reference.
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#### 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
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This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder
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saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license,
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unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such
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manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy,
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modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.
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A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim,
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or with modifications and/or translated into another language.
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A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the
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relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and
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contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of
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mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
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connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political
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position regarding them.
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The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant
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Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above
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definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant
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Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
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The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the
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notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a
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Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
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A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is
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available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors
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or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and
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that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
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to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been
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arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not
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Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
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Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX
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input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed
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for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include
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proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD
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and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by
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some word processors for output purposes only.
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The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold,
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legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any
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title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the
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beginning of the body of the text.
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The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of the Document to the public.
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A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in
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parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name
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mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of
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such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
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The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document.
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These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming
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warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of
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this License.
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#### 2. VERBATIM COPYING
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You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this
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License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in
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all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures
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to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
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compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the
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conditions in section 3.
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You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.
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#### 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
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If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more
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than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry,
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clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back
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cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must
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present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the
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covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document
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and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
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If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed
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(as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
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If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a
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machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network
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location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a
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complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take
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reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent
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copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
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Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
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It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large
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number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
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#### 4. MODIFICATIONS
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You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided
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that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the
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Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In
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addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
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- A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
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previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the
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same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
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- B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications
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in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
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authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
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- C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
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- D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
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- E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
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- F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
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Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
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- G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the
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Document's license notice.
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- H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
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- I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title,
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year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled
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"History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its
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Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
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- J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the
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Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be
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placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years
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before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
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- K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in
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the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
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- L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
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or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
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- M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.
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- N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
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- O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
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If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain
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no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To
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do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must
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be distinct from any other section titles.
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You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version
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by various parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the
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authoritative definition of a standard.
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You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text,
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to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of
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Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a
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cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
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behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher
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that added the old one.
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The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity
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for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
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#### 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
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You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4
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above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the
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original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice,
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and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
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The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced
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with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title
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of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of
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that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant
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Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
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In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one
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section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled
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"Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements".
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#### 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
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You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the
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individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection,
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provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
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You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License,
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provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects
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regarding verbatim copying of that document.
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#### 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
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A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a
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volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation
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is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the
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Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not
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themselves derivative works of the Document.
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If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less
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than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document
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within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must
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appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
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#### 8. TRANSLATION
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Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of
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section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but
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you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant
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Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty
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Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of
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those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License
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or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
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If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4)
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to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
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#### 9. TERMINATION
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You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any
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attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights
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under this License.
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However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated
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(a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b)
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permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days
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after the cessation.
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Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies
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you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this
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License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of
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the notice.
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Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or
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rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a
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copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
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#### 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
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The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.
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Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or
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concerns. See [https://www.gnu.org/licenses/](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/).
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Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular
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numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and
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conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free
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Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever
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published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which
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future versions of this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
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authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
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#### 11. RELICENSING
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"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable
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works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an
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example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site means any set of
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copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
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"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation,
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a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future
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copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.
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"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.
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An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published
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under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1)
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had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
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The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time
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before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. |